East Asian Approaches to Global Issues

WHEN BEING "NATIVE" IS NOT ENOUGH: CITIZENS AS FOREIGNERS IN MALAYSIA
- Kamal Sadiq (pp. 5-32)

Why do the natives of Sabah oppose the internal migration of natives from the rest of Malaysia? Why is being "native" not enough? The hostility is in direct contrast to what most scholars know about Malaysia: a multiethnic country with successful preferential policies for its natives-the "sons of the soil." In a plural state like Malaysia, there are competing native claims on citizenship. Here, regional natives (Kadazandusun from Sabah) contest claims by federal natives (Malays). The conflicts over culture, economy, and political power fracture a national citizenship into its regional and federal parts, pitting native against native. In particular, regional natives empower the notion of a regional citizenship by supporting restrictions on the internal migration of fellow citizens. As a consequence, Malaysia's goal of a "national" citizenry fashioned on native Malay norms is undermined. Malaysia offers important insight into the enduring dilemma of modern plural states: how to create a common national citizenship.
Key words: Malaysia, nationalism, democracy - East Asia

USING NORMS STRATEGICALLY: TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS' OPERATIONS FOR NORTH KOREAN HUMAN RIGHTS
- Sun-Young Kwak and Yong Wook Lee (pp. 33-74)

In May 2002, China decided not to repatriate North Korean asylum seekers who fled to Shenyang. The decision was not only in contravention of the 1986 North Korea-China bilateral repatriation agreement, but also constituted China's repudiation of its policy denying refugee status to North Koreans in China. What explains China's change in policy in the Shenyang case? We argue that transnational advocacy networks (TANs) for North Korean human rights (NKHR) played a significant role in China's non-repatriation decision. Theoretically, the article develops a set of five propositions that specify an organizational mechanism through which TANs effectively work, and use social network analysis to test these propositions. Empirically, we employ both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis (the combination of discourse and content analysis) in order to capture the crucial role of TANs in China's policy change. Thematically, our case study of China's non-repatriation decision reveals the growing importance and relevance of TANs in world politics.
Key words: North Korea, human rights, China, social network analysis, transnational advocacy networks

DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS IN EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL STATES: FINANCIAL REFORM IN KOREA AND TAIWAN
- Haeran Lim (pp. 75-110)

This study explores the impact of democratization on financial reform in Korea and Taiwan. In Korea, democratization decreased the autonomy and efficiency of bureaucrats and increased the power of business groups, which led to unregulated financial liberalization. Crisis contributed to the urgency of reform, coalitional support, and burden sharing among people. After the crisis, the re-strengthened bureaucracy and weakened veto power of business and labor sectors resulted in "path-breaking" reform in Korea. In Taiwan, the historically conservative financial system remained stable, allowing Taiwan to escape the Asian crisis but later becoming obstacles to reform. Democratization decreased the autonomy of bureaucrats and increased money politics: Lack of consensus among parties, divided government, and opposition within vested interest groups led to "lagged and stalemated" financial reform in Taiwan.
Key words: democracy, developmental states - East Asia, financial reform, Korea, Taiwan

WHAT IS IT THAT BEST EXPLAINS THE EAST ASIAN PEACE SINCE 1979? A CALL FOR A RESEARCH AGENDA
- Stein Tennesson (pp. 111-136)

This article discusses how historians and social scientists may go about seeking to explain the relative absence of war in East Asia since 1979, after a period of three decades when East Asia was the world's most war-prone region. Many have discussed the European Peace, only few the East Asian one, which calls for both similar and quite different explanations. The article does not present findings from research already made, but rather calls for a research agenda, aiming to solicit sponsors and contributors around the world who would like to take part in its development. The purpose will not just be to understand the past, but also to discuss what it may take to protect, deepen, and sustain peace in East Asia at a time of economic upheaval and a likely continued, perhaps accelerated shift of economic as well as military power from North America and Europe to East Asia.
Key words: peace and security - East Asia, International Relations theory, conflict resolution

JAPAN'S ASEAN POLICY: REACTIVE OR PROACTIVE IN THE FACE OF A RISING CHINA IN EAST ASIA?
- Sueo Sudo (pp. 137-158)

Since the announcement of the Hashimoto Doctrine in 1997, Japan's proactive response to ever-changing Southeast Asia has been a main factor in advancing a new regionalism in East Asia. However, it is believed that China-ASEAN relations have outpaced Japan-ASEAN relations due to the uniformity of China-ASEAN's regional policies and the inconsistency of Japan-ASEAN's regional integration policies. Given these opposing views, this article examines the current state of Japan-ASEAN relations and especially focuses on the recent explicit efforts to strengthen a strategic partnership. Clarifying the changing nature of Japanese foreign policy toward ASEAN since the late 1990s, the article contends that Japanese initiatives are neither exceptional nor sporadic in nature. Indeed, between 1997 and 2007 Japan was an ideational facilitator to promote multilateral order in the region through strategic networking.
Key words: Japan-ASEAN relations, Japanese foreign policy, regionalism - East Asia, China

DESIGNING A RUSSIA, CHINA AND A MULTIPOLAR WORLD ORDER: THE DANGER IN THE UNDEFINED
- Susan Turner (pp. 159-184)

Since the late 1990s, the concept of multipolarity has gained prominence around the globe. Russia and China, in particular, have repeatedly agreed on this ill-defined term and subsequently have included it or alluded to it in nearly all of their joint declarations, statements, and treaties dating from the mid-1990s to the present. At a time when American hegemony is declining and speculation abounds as to which among the world's burgeoning nations will rise to power, it is important to examine the renewed Sino-Russian relationship and one of its foundational pillars-the promotion of multipolarity. This article deconstructs the definition of multipolarity as it applies uniquely to Russia and China in an effort to determine the depth of the two countries' agreement. Though the two may agree upon the same "solution" to the next world order, China and Russia employ very different strategies to achieve it.
Key words: China, Russia, international security, multipolarity